Title and Abstract
Similarity in the title usually occurs when authors copy phrases directly from the base paper or use very common sentence structures in the abstract. To reduce similarity, the title should reflect your specific contribution, dataset, or application rather than generic wording. In the abstract, similarity often comes from copied background sentences. Rewrite the abstract last, after finishing the paper, and describe the problem, method, and results using your own narrative flow. Avoid textbook-style opening lines and avoid copying result statements from earlier papers.
Introduction
The introduction often has high similarity because authors reuse standard problem descriptions. To reduce similarity here, do not start with generic definitions copied from other papers. Instead, explain the problem from your own perspective and context. When citing prior work, combine ideas from multiple papers into a single rewritten paragraph rather than paraphrasing one paper at a time. Always cite sources, but ensure the sentence structure and flow are entirely your own. Writing the introduction after completing the literature survey and methodology helps reduce reuse of common phrases.
Literature Review
The literature review is the most similarity-prone section. Similarity increases when papers are described one by one using similar sentence patterns. To reduce similarity, avoid sentences like “Author X proposed a method that…” repeatedly. Instead, group multiple papers by method or theme and discuss them together in an analytical way. Use comparison-based writing rather than descriptive writing. Tables summarizing existing work reduce text reuse and help lower similarity while improving clarity.
Problem Statement
Similarity in the problem statement usually occurs when it is copied from the motivation section of a base paper. To reduce similarity, write the problem statement after identifying gaps from the literature. Express the problem in terms of limitations observed across multiple studies, not from a single source. Use domain-specific constraints, assumptions, or application scenarios unique to your work. This makes the text naturally original.
Methodology
Methodology similarity happens when authors copy standard algorithm descriptions or workflow explanations. To reduce similarity, focus on what you specifically implemented, modified, or designed. Write in active voice and describe steps in relation to your dataset, parameters, and tools. Avoid generic explanations of algorithms unless necessary, and if included, explain them briefly in your own words. Flow diagrams and equations reduce the need for lengthy textual descriptions and help lower similarity.
Experimental Setup
Similarity in this section is usually due to reused dataset descriptions or evaluation procedures. To reduce similarity, describe how the dataset was prepared, split, or preprocessed in your experiment rather than copying dataset introductions. Mention specific parameter values, system configurations, and experimental conditions unique to your study. This contextualization makes the text original even when using common datasets.
Results and Discussion
This section usually has low similarity, but issues arise when authors copy result interpretation language from other papers. To reduce similarity, describe trends, observations, and comparisons in your own analytical style. Focus on explaining why results occurred rather than repeating standard performance statements. Linking results back to your problem statement and methodology naturally produces original text.
Conclusion
Similarity in conclusions occurs when authors reuse standard ending sentences. To reduce similarity, summarize your specific findings, contributions, and limitations instead of using generic closing remarks. Avoid copying future work statements from other papers. Tailor the conclusion to what was actually achieved in your study.
References
References themselves are excluded from similarity calculation in most journals, but improper in-text citation can increase similarity. Ensure citations are placed correctly and consistently. Do not copy reference formatting from other papers without adjusting it to the journal style.
Final Turnitin Check Strategy
After revising all sections, run Turnitin again and examine only the meaningful matches, not common phrases or references. Revise high-match paragraphs by rewriting ideas more deeply rather than making small word changes. Repeat the process until similarity is within acceptable limits, typically below journal thresholds.